MARKETING PSYCHOLOGY & AMERICAN CULTS: EXAMINING THE RETENTION PRACTICES OF SCIENTOLOGY, MORMONISM, & THE WATCHTOWER
republished below in full unedited for informational, educational, and research purposes:
Before British journalist Christopher Hitchens would ever become known as one of the “Four Horseman”[1] of the New Atheism movement, he was an award-winning, widely-read, globe-trotting journalist. In a 1997 interview with The Progressive,
the well-traveled Hitchens was asked why he chose to make his home in
the United States. He answered, “The first thing I can remember I ever
wanted was to go to the United States. And for reasons that are as
conventional as you can imagine: I wanted to know if it was really true
that it was the land of opportunity, of democracy, and individual
liberty. My conclusion was that, at least as compared to the ancien
regime under which I had been brought up, it was.”[2]
Hitchens eventually became an American citizen and exercised the
individual liberty afforded to him by his new country (along with its
free market) to author and promote his best-selling[3] book God is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Hitchens,
a vociferous and virulent critic of religion, promoted his book by
touring the United States from coast to coast seeking to debate
religious leaders about the soundness of his atheistic argument that
religion “poisons everything”. He did not lack willing debate opponents
anywhere he went.[sg_popup id=”1″ event=”onload”][/sg_popup]
Nearly 80% of Americans identify as adherents of a certain religion.[4]
Almost all of these religions were imported from the Old World.
However, some of them are uniquely American. The free exercise of
religion guaranteed by the United States Constitution has, since 1789,
allowed ample opportunity for not only the practice of religion but the
invention and promotion of it as well. The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints (commonly known as the Mormon sect) was founded in the
United States in 1830 by New York native Joseph Smith.[5]
The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (commonly known
as the Jehovah’s Witness sect) was founded in 1870 by Charles Taze
Russell.[6] US Navy veteran L. Ron Hubbard founded the Church of Scientology in 1953.[7]
In totalitarian societies, such as those from which the very first
non-native settlers of the American continent fled, these three sects
would have likely been banned by law and quashed shortly after their
founding. However, in the land of opportunity, they have been allowed
to thrive.
The convergence of the free market with freedom of religion has made
it easy for religious organizations to grow on the American continent.
As religious organizations seek growth, they take part in what
sociologist George Ritzer has termed “The McDonaldization of Society”
which he defined as “the process by which the principles of the
fast-food restaurant are coming home to dominate more and more sectors
of American society and the rest of the world.”[8]
“Churches unintentionally pick up on the ideas of McDonaldization
through leadership magazines, conferences, and books that teach how
churches can engage more of the American culture through certain
structural, communications, and ministry models.”[9]
One of these models is brand marketing and, often times, it is picked
up on quite purposefully. Marketing strategy has come to be taught in
seminary courses. One seminary course text[10], Pastor’s Handbook, advises church leaders to emulate the practices of McDonald’s, Starbucks, and Disney World.[11]
The successful execution of church marketing is perhaps why religious
activity has turned into one of the largest sectors of the American
economy.
According to the authors of a study entitled “The Socio-economic
Contribution of Religion to American Society: An Empirical Analysis” and
published in the Interdisciplinary Journal of Research, their
most conservative estimate of the revenue of faith based-organizations
is “$378 billion annually – or more than a third of a trillion
dollars…more than the global annual revenues of tech giants Apple and
Microsoft combined.”[12]
Their least conservative estimate places “the value of faith to U.S.
society at $4.8 trillion annually, or the equivalent of nearly a third
of America’s gross domestic product.”[13] These figures are staggering, especially when it is considered that religious activity is an unregulated sector
of the economy. The American economy, though fairly considered “free,”
is not without regulation. Massive corporations such as Apple and
Microsoft as well as smaller, less influential businesses are regulated
by powerful federal, state, and local government agencies which are
tasked with protecting American consumers and investors. Examples of
such agencies, which regulate diverse sectors of the American economy,
include the Federal Trade Commission, the Securities and Exchange
Commission, the Food and Drug Administration, The Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board, and the United States Department of
Agriculture. Additionally various medical licensing boards protect
patients from being taken advantage of by abusive or incompetent doctors
and therapists. The missions of these various organizations fall in
line with a biblical understanding of civil government.[14] They are “avengers who bring wrath on the one who practices evil.”[15]
The Mission of the Federal Trade Commission and similar agencies can
be summed up very simply: they exist to prevent and eliminate “unfair or
deceptive acts or practices” [16]
committed by nefarious and unscrupulous actors looking to turn a profit
in the marketplace. If a business becomes monopolistic or colludes
with major competitors to corner the market, it is broken up by
government “trust-busters”.[17]
If a business engages in an unfair marketing practice, such as a
“bait-and-switch”, it subject to reprisal from a government authority.
However, if a religious organization becomes monopolistic[18]
or engages in such a psychological marketing trick (as long as it’s not
selling a guaranteed material good), it is insulated from prosecution.
Religious organizations can, quite frankly, lie to and psychologically
manipulate their patrons in order perpetuate themselves numerically and
financially. Ironically, the very same religious and personal liberty
that allowed Christopher Hitches to publish and promote a book about how
religion “poisons everything” allows certain religious organizations to
poison everything.
Of course, Hitchens and the rest of his New Atheist cohorts are
incorrect to assert that “religion” poisons everything. As atheists,
they are committed to the idea that all religions are false. If it is
the case that all religions are false then the leaders and adherents of
religions are either under delusion or, even worse, knowingly
manipulating people to into believing lifestyle-effecting lies, often in
the course of supporting themselves financially or procuring for
themselves some degree of cultural influence. However, it is not the
case that all religions are false. God exists and, furthermore, He has
revealed how religious activities should be carried out in the pages of
the Bible, which He inspired.[19]
According to God’s word, true and acceptable religion is “to visit
orphans and widows in their distress, and to keep oneself unstained by
the world.”[20]
The antithesis of true religion is, in the course of seeking after the
things of the world, taking advantage of the poor and ignorant,
especially while making a tidy profit.[21]
Thus, in the absence of government regulation of religious practice
(which historically, has been shown to be ill-advised and disastrous),
it is up to God’s true church to expose the unfruitful deeds of darkness[22] perpetrated by the proprietors of false religion.
American society is full of religious organizations that defy God’s
definition of true religion and blaspheme Him by disseminating
unbiblical teachings about His natureHisJhhh hgg. In an economy where
taking unfair advantage of people is strictly prohibited in every sector
but one, nefarious and unscrupulous actors looking to turn a profit are
most likely to drift to that particular sector. In America, that
sector is religion. While it may be true that the leaders of
seeker-sensitive, market-driven Christian churches are in some way
motivated by profit, the orthodox Trinitarian Christian theology which
they hold to and promote may insulate their parishioners from eternal
damnation. In other words, someone (though he may be sorely lacking in
discipleship) might actually come to saving faith through the gospel as
presented by a McDonaldized Willow Creek, Purpose-Driven, or Andy
Stanley church. Though neither is regulated in the American society,
there is a difference between a huckster with the biblical gospel and a
huckster with a false one.[23]
Examples of the latter type of huckster arguably include Joseph Smith,
Charles Taze Russell, and L. Ron Hubbard. Though they died long ago,
these men founded cults that are today still operating successfully and
drawing new converts. Using psychological manipulation techniques and
marketing tactics that profited-motivated businesses are prevented from
unfairly implementing, these cults and other like them, control the
minds and lives of millions of Americans.
By properly applying scripture, Christians can expose and critique
the unbiblical and eternally damnable beliefs perpetrated by these
cults. Since men inherently lack the divine ability to see into the
hearts and minds of others, there is no guaranteed way to determine
which cult leaders and members are hucksters who know they are
perpetrating a lie and which cult leaders are genuinely deceived (or
even demon-possessed). The Bible provides revelation from God which can
be trusted to expose the false teachings of cults, regardless of the
unknown internal motivations and mindsets of cultic false teachers.
Unfortunately, cult-members are often so brainwashed and conditioned by
their cults that they are unable to see the way that their religious
leaders have twisted and misapplied religious texts, especially the
Bible, to gain control over their lives. They may refuse to listen to
biblical correction altogether. Thus, another method of exposing
damaging cult practices to deceived cult members may be useful: exposing
the psychological tactics of cults. No one likes to be ripped off or
manipulated to their own disadvantage, even a cult member. Mormons,
Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Scientologists can appreciate the type of work
done by the Federal Trade Commission and consumer watchdog groups as
much as atheists and Christians can. Thus, Christians have the
opportunity to identify the psychological tricks used by cults and
inform cult members of the various ways of which they are being taken
advantage. Cult members, especially those who are savvy businessmen,
having their eyes opened to the manipulative nature of their cults, will
be empowered to abandon them. The religious vacuum created in their
lives can then be filled by a biblical Christian witness. There are
many examples of psychological manipulation being implemented by
American cults. By examining some of these examples, Christians can be
prepared to engage in the practice of cult-busting as a part of the
overall process of proclaiming the biblical gospel.
Scientologists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Mormons, because of the way
their cults operate, are prone to engage in the practice of Escalation
of Commitment. Escalation of Commitment is defined as the “’persistence
in a losing course of action by a decision-maker’. It is marked by the
continuing investment of resources (e.g. time, money) despite negative
feedback about a previous decision.”[24]
For a decision to be considered Escalation of Commitment it must
involve “(1) a previous loss; (2) the option to either continue or
withdraw from the decision situation; and (3) uncertain consequences of
making the decision to continue or withdraw.”[25]
Perhaps the simplest and most relatable example of Escalation of
Commitment is a moviegoer who buys a ticket to a really bad two-hour
movie. After one hour of not enjoying the movie, rather than walking
out, the moviegoer stays in his seat and finishes watching the film.
Leaving at the halfway point would force the moviegoer to admit that he
wasted his ticket money. Instead of leaving and preserving for
alternate use the remaining hour of his day, he holds out hope that the
movie might get better. It doesn’t and he wastes another hour watching
the movie until its end. With each passing second of the bad movie, the
commitment of the moviegoer to a doomed endeavor (watching a bad movie when his intention was to enjoy a good movie)
escalates. Wasted time and money on a movie ticket does not amount to
much in the course of one’s life. However, the cost of a single movie
ticket pales in comparison to much larger losses than can be incurred by
the same flawed thinking. Consider the case of an investor who
purchases a block of stock for $10,000. After a period of months the
value of his investment plummets to $5,000. Market analysis indicates
that the company in which he owns stock is likely to go out of
business. Rather than admit his error, sell the stock, and recoup
$5,000 of his investment for alternative use, the investor keeps his
stock until it is worthless. Such irrational behavior is not limited to
individuals. Large organizations and their managers also engage in
Escalation of Commitment when they refuse to abandon large-scale
multi-million dollar projects that show little indication of future
success. According a 1987 article in Harvard Business Review
entitled “Knowing When to Pull the Plug”, “…all managers will make some
mistakes and stick with some decisions longer than they ought to. Recent
research has shown, however, that the tendency to pursue a failing
course of action is not a random thing. Indeed, at times some managers,
and even entire organizations, seem almost programmed to follow a dying
cause.” [26]
No one makes the choice to enter into a course of action, whether it is
a relatively unimportant or life-changing one, unless he thinks he is
making the right decision. Yet even highly-compensated business
executives are hesitant to admit failure when it becomes apparent.
“Research has also shown…that executives fail to recognize when a
project is beyond hope. People have an almost uncanny ability to see
only what accords with their beliefs. Much like sports fans who
concentrate on their own team’s great plays and the other team’s fouls,
managers tend to see only what confirms their preferences. For example,
an executive who is convinced that a project will be profitable will
probably slant estimates of sales and costs to support the view. If the
facts challenge this opinion, the manager may work hard to find reasons
to discredit the source of information or the quality of the data. And
if the data are ambiguous, the manager may seize on just those facts
that support the opinion. Thus information biasing can be a major
roadblock to sensible withdrawal from losing courses of action…In
addition to the effects of rewards and biased information, (an
additional) psychological mechanism may be at work. Sometimes even when
managers recognize that they have suffered losses, they may choose to
invest further resources in a project rather than accept failure. What
may be fostering escalation in these cases is a need for
self-justification.”[27]
In the process of commitment escalation, decision makers demonstrate
undue attachment to “sunk costs,” which are defined as “costs that have
already been incurred and thus cannot be recovered.”[28]
Because of their desire for self-justification they do not wish to
admit that the sunk costs which they have occurred have been wasted.
The type of thinking present in Escalation of Commitment, which causes
individuals to continue with bad consumer choices and businesses to
continue with doomed investments projects, is the same type of thinking
that helps cults retain members. Where cult members begin to doubt
their religious choices, Escalation of Commitment keeps them from
leaving their cult.
The religious practice of The Church of Scientology provides what is
perhaps the best example of Escalation of Commitment in religious life.
According to the doctrine of scientology, “every person has two minds –
the analytical mind and the reactive mind.”[29] The reactive mind is the “single source of human aberrations and psychosomatic ills.”[30]
The purpose of practicing Scientology is to rid one’s self of the
reactive mind, thus entering in to a superior state of consciousness,
known in Scientology as “going clear”. The reactive mind is removed
though the process of auditing. Auditing sessions are offered by the
Church of Scientology for a fee. As a Scientologist progresses in his
religious practice, paying for auditing session after auditing session,
he learns more and more about the very secretive religious beliefs of
Scientology. A practitioner of scientology begins with the status of
“preclear.” After a Scientologist has “gone clear” through the auditing
process he can receive the status of “Operating Thetan”. However, his
potential for progression does not end at that point; there are
different levels of Operating Thetan status which can be achieved, up to
level eight. To achieve these various levels one must continue paying
for auditing sessions. At Operating Thetan Level Three, the
Scientologist is entrusted with the secretive story of how the reactive
mind came to wreak havoc on the human psyche. According to the doctrine
of scientology, millions of years ago an intergalactic overlord named
Xenu was dealing with overpopulation in his empire. To solve his
problem, he transported a multitude of frozen people to earth in space
planes. Once there, the frozen people were dumped into volcanoes and
obliterated by atomic bombs. As their souls floated up into the
atmosphere, they were caught by soul-catching devices that Xenu had
placed there in anticipation. These souls were then brainwashed by Xenu
and trapped on earth. As humankind evolved from early primates, these
souls or “thetans” inhabited their minds. Even today, when a child is
born, one or more thetans leap into his body, essentially becoming his
soul. The reactive mind is a result of the bad experiences of these
thetans in their past lives. Once a human “goes clear” as a
sufficiently leveled Operating Thetan, he can control matter, energy
space, and time. [31] The cost of the auditing sessions necessary to obtain this plainly ludicrous explanation of humanity’s problems[32] is estimated to be between $200,000 and $400,000.[33]
The amount of money and time spent to obtain Operating Thetan Level
Three is perhaps the ultimate religious sunk cost. Admitting the
colossal mistake that one has progressively wasted hundreds of thousands
of dollars and worked thousands of man-hours to obtain a “clear state”
in a religion that is plainly as made up as a bad science fiction novel
takes a Herculean psychological effort. Furthermore, the discrediting
of critical sources is a key tactic of Scientology’s leadership.
Critics of Scientology deemed “suppressive persons” by the church are
essentially shunned by church members. Furthermore, suppressive persons
can be maligned under Scientology’s “fair game” doctrine.[34]
The maligning of the character of former Scientologists is easily
enabled by the auditing practice, as church members often admit
embarrassing facts about themselves in order to facilitate the process
of going clear. The Scientologist who considers leaving his religion
faces losing friends, family, reputation, and any perceived progress in
attaining a higher state of consciousness.[35]
The structure of the Jehovah’s Witness religion also leaves its
members susceptible to Escalation of Commitment. Unlike Scientology,
this religion is not a “pay to play” faith where adherents are expected
to pay their church for spiritual services. However, like Scientology,
this religion teaches a form of works righteousness (or
self-justification), requires a significant investment of personal time,
and exhorts enormous influence over personal, professional, home, and
family life. Jehovah’s Witnesses are well-known for their
house-to-house proselytizing. Each Jehovah’s Witnesses is considered a
“publisher” [36] by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.[37]
Publishers are required to turn in a periodic “time report” to the
elders of their local congregation which detail their witnessing
activities. “This report is put on their file. There are secret files
kept on all Jehovah’s Witnesses which are only viewed by the elders. If a
Jehovah’s Witness refuses to turn in a time report, they are
disciplined and put on list called ‘irregular publisher.’ The individual
will be on this black list until they again turn in regular reports.”[38]
A convert to the Jehovah’s Witness faith “eagerly attends five meetings
a week and spends at least ten hours a month knocking on doors and
witnessing to people….if the JW is male and has not dropped out (of
publishing) he has the opportunity to progress through the ranks
publisher, servant, and perhaps even elder (a member of the
congregation’s governing board).”[39]
If a Jehovah’s Witness spends seventy hours a month in preaching work,
he attains the level of “Pioneer”. One can become a “Special Pioneer”
by devoting one hundred thirty hours or more to ministry each month. [40]
In a way similar to how Scientology confers “Operating Thetan” levels
to practitioners who have earned them, the Watch Tower confers
prestigious levels of achievement on its dedicated members. Any member
who begins to doubt the teaching of the Watch Tower or consider the
troubling the nature of its well-documented doctrinal flip flops, is
faced with Escalation of Commitment; admitting that the Jehovah’s
Witness faith is a false one also means admitting that he has wasted
countless hours pounding the pavement sharing the faith, all his kingdom
work has been for naught, and his earned status in the organization is
meaningless. Further complicating matters is that Jehovah’s Witnesses
are discouraged from reading “apostate” literature (i.e. literature that
is critical of the Watch Tower). So a Jehovah’s Witness is already
conditioned to trust the Watch Tower and doubt its detractors. Former
Jehovah’s Witnesses are considered apostates. “Apostates are the most
despicable people on the face of the earth, Jehovah’s Witnesses are
taught, with the result that a Witness would much rather encounter
someone expelled from the sect for theft or adultery than find himself
face-to-face with an apostate. The Watchtower tells them that they ‘must
hate’ apostates and that they must not be ‘curious about apostate
ideas.’ Therefore, any information that may come from an apostate source
can be dismissed without even listening to it.”[41]
The Watch Tower, though Escalation of Commitment, sets its members up
for failure. They are conditioned to doubt negative information about
the Watch Tower, trust their own biased information, and fear losing
their personal investment in self-justification.
The Mormon faith is also set up to capitalize on Escalation of
Commitment. “Mormonism’s leaders believe that their organization, which
was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, has God’s complete authority,
unlike any other institution on the face of the earth.”[42]
“This authority comes through the LDS priesthood. There are two
divisions of the priesthood: the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods,
both of which are held only by males. The Aaronic priesthood is known as
the ‘lesser’ priesthood and is made up of deacons (12 years old),
teachers (14 years old), priests (16 years old), and bishops (the leader
of local bodies of LDS believers). Meanwhile, the Melchizedek
priesthood is named after the priest mentioned in Genesis 14…The offices in this (priesthood) branch are elders, high priests, patriarchs, seventies, and apostles.”[43] Faithful Mormon males between the ages of 18 and 25 are expected to participate in a two-year long mission trip[44] as a part of their priesthood duty.[45]
Upon entering the Mormon mission field, the title of “elder” is
conferred upon a young man. As is the case with Scientology and the
Watch Tower, the Mormon Church confers exclusive and prestigious titles
upon its members. In the case of Mormonism, these titles are conferred
upon men who are still in their formative years. Mormons must earn the
right to enter their religious temples through clean living. Only those
Mormons who support church leadership, are morally clean, pay a full
tithe, live in harmony with the church, and do not sympathize with
apostate groups earn a temple recommendation.[46]
Inside of the temple is where Mormon marriage ceremonies are performed;
only those church members with a temple recommendation can attend these
ceremonies. Husbands and wives who are sealed in a Mormon temple
marriage are taught that they have the opportunity to become gods and
goddesses of their own planet. Without a celestial marriage, a Mormon
cannot become a god and continue his family into eternity.[47] Furthermore, if a Mormon’s spouse leaves the Mormon faith, he cannot stay married to her and still become a god.[48] As is the case with the priesthood, Mormon marriage commitments are typically foisted upon relatively young people.[49]
As Mormons mature and learn more about their religion, there is good
reason that they should doubt what they have been taught. The Mormon
creation myth is every bit as fantastical and intergalactic as that of
Scientology. The Book or Mormon is not supported by any extant
archaeological evidence. The character of Joseph Smith was dubious at
best. As with L. Ron Hubbard, the historical record outside of his own
cult paints him as a cad. Maturing Mormons who are tempted to leave
their faith face admitting that their priesthood titles and celestial
marriage commitments are fanciful fabrications and that the work they
performed for the salvation of themselves and others will not pay off.
Adults who decide to leave the faith must admit that they wasted two
years of their life on a Mormon mission. As it the case with the
Jehovah’s Witness and Scientology cults, members of the LDS church are
conditioned to look at their own biases with rose-colored glasses while
dismissing detractors as apostates. Escalation of Commitment exerts
heavy pressure on Mormons to remain Mormon in the face of ample evidence
that their religion and its founding prophet are counterfeit; their
sunk costs are heavy.
From small American beginnings, the Mormon and Jehovah’s Witness
religions have spread all over the world. The Mormon Church estimates
its worldwide membership at 15,634,199.[50] Jehovah’s Witnesses estimate their worldwide number to be 8,220,105.[51]
These numbers are impressive, considering that neither religion is yet
two hundred years old and that both began with only a handful of
adherents. However, these numbers are not surprising. Mormons and
Jehovah’s Witnesses are known as the some of the most prolific
proselytizers of any faith. Every Jehovah’s Witness is expected to be a
“publisher” who turns in witnessing reports. The mandate of the Mormon
Church is “every member is a missionary.”[52]
Because proselytizing is formally required by these cults (not just
expected as in other religions), its members are susceptible to falling
into what is known as a “consistency trap”. (Ironically, they may try
to use such a trap themselves in order to make converts). G. Richard
Sell, a professor of Business Ethics at the University of Pennsylvania’s
Wharton College of Business, explains the use of consistency traps as
follows: “Skilled negotiators know about the human need to appear
consistent and try to use it as often as they can. Truly manipulative
people go beyond identifying their counterparts’ standard for
positioning purposes and try to trick their opponents by using what I
call consistency traps. The goal of a consistency trap is to precommit
you to a seemingly innocent standard and then confront you with the
logical implications of the standard in a particular case – implications
that actually turn out to run against your interests. This is a form
of intellectual coercion.”[53] The consistency trap can be a marketer’s best friend. They can also be useful for cults.
Testimonial write-in contests, which are typical of consumer product
marketers, provide an excellent example of a constancy trap in action. A
typical contest resembles the following: The producers of Parkay Butter
offer $5,000 to the consumer who writes in the best testimonial
explaining why she “only uses Parkay Butter on her table.” Not only
will the winner receive the cash prize; her testimonial will be printed
on Parkay’s butter packages. Thousands of submissions are sent to
Parkay. For the cost of $5,000 to one winner, Parkay gains the business
of every contest participant (to whom they paid nothing). Each losing
contestant submitted a testimony saying that she would “only use Parkay
Butter on her table.” Her own words, even though no one outside of
Parkay will ever see them, will convict her in her own mind every time
she is on the dairy aisle of the grocery store and thinks of reaching
for a different brand of butter. At the same time, almost no one is
expected to begin buying Parkay butter because of the testimony of some
stranger that is written on the package. The purpose of the contest all
along was to seal the participants in a consistency trap, not reach new
customers.[54]
The proselytizing of Mormons and Jehovah’s Witnesses provides the same
benefit to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Watch
Tower Bible and Tract Society, respectively.
Mormon Missionaries and Jehovah’s Witness publishers fail to gain a
new convert much more often than they successfully win one. Each time a
Mormon Missionary or Jehovah’s Witness intentionally shares the
teaching of his cult, he reaffirms that teaching and his dedication to
his church in his own mind. It is the practice of Mormons to share
their testimonies[55]
before their church. Without doing so, a Mormon cannot participate in
temple ceremonies. “A Mormon testimony consists of being able to say,
unequivocally, ‘I know the LDS Church is true and that Joseph Smith is a true prophet of God.’”[56]
In order to reject Mormonism, a Mormon must admit that he dedicated two
years of his life on a mission trying to convince other people that a
lie was the truth. A generational Mormon must admit that he passed this
lie on to his own children and encouraged them to go on missions of
their own. He must admit that every time he said “The Holy Spirit
revealed to me that the Book of Mormon is true,” that he was deceived.[57]
He must admit that he gave a false testimony to his church about what
he said he “knew”. Similarly, in order to reject the Watch Tower, a
Jehovah’s Witnesses must admit that he spent countless hours going to
countless houses, knocking on countless doors, and trying to convince
countless people to believe a false gospel.[58]
The Mormon and Watchtower cults, like marketers selling butter with a
testimonial contest, condition their members to stay consistent with
their doctrine through mandated and repeated personal testimonies. In
order to admit that Joseph Smith was a liar, the Mormon has to admit
that he is a liar himself. In order to admit that the Watch Tower is a
false prophet, the Jehovah’s Witness must admit that he is a false
prophet himself. These cults have set up a systematic consistency
trap. Their leaders arguably understand the old axiom of business: “It
is usually far cheaper to retain existing customers than it is to find
new ones.”[59]
Without any documentation from cult leadership to confirm, it’s
impossible to definitively claim that the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, and the Watchtower Bible or Tract Society
intentionally use consistency traps to retain members. However, there
is a psychological manipulation tactic that Mormons and Jehovah’s
Witnesses certainly use to gain converts; the bait-and-switch. “The
term bait-and-switch is most commonly used to refer to an
advertising practice that is both unethical and illegal…It typically
involves an advertiser luring customers into the store by advertising a
product at an unrealistically low price (the bait). The customer is
then told that the advertised goods are (1) not available or (2) of
inferior quality and/or not suitable for the customer’s needs. The goal
is to “switch” the customer to another, more expensive product or one
that has a higher profit margin. What sets bait-and-switch apart from
other advertising practices is that the store does not intend to sell
the advertised product – the advertised product is intended to attract
customers, who are then persuaded to buy another product.”[60]
When Jehovah’s Witnesses knock on a door, they are often not entirely
honest about the full requirements of their religion to the person who
answers it. “Dangerous cults don’t reveal all of their strange
doctrines when they try to recruit new members. For a Jehovah’s Witness
to start his recruitment effort by saying, ‘Join us; if your child ever
needs a blood transfusion you have to let him die’ or ‘Join us; our
kids will have to give up sports and Christmas’ would be a
deal-breaker. Usually the Jehovah’s Witnesses approach people with more
orthodox teachings – beliefs that are shared with other religious
groups….As the prospect becomes more interested and more committed to
the cult, the leaders gradually introduce the more bizarre doctrines.
The initiate is not allowed to know the inner secrets until he is fully
indoctrinated.”[61]
Jehovah’s Witnesses (themselves a sub-Christian cult) typically operate
within culturally Christian communities; they “bait” prospects with
generically orthodox Christian teachings as they initiate regular
Bible-study with them. Then, once the commitment of a prospect has
escalated, Jehovah’s Witnesses “switch” to teaching the heretical,
controversial tenets of their cult. Mormons do this as well. Like
Jehovah’s Witnesses, they are a sub-Christian cult that typically
operates in culturally Christian areas. Mormon missionaries approach
prospects with generic Christian language. They refer to Jesus as
“savior” and to “the Godhead”. However, the Jesus to which they refer
is not the Jesus of orthodox Christianity but a created spirit-being
from Kolob. The Godhead to which they refer is not the Triune God of
orthodox Christianity but “Three gods— God the Father, Jesus Christ, and
the Holy Ghost— who, while distinct in being, are one in purpose.”[62]
Like Jehovah’s Witnesses, Mormons hide the heretical, controversial
tenets of their cult. Mormon missionaries are not supposed to tell
prospects and new converts about “deep doctrine” because it often scares
off new members. Such “deep doctrine” includes the notions that there
is a heavenly mother, that Mormons can become gods, and that those
Mormons who don’t pay their tithes could die in by falling fire.[63]
Deep doctrines come later, after commitment has escalated.
Scientologists arguably participate in bait-and-switch tactics as well.
Prospective scientologists are enticed with the idea that L. Ron
Hubbard’s “Dianetics” methodology can improve their psychological
state. It is only at Operating Thetan Level Thee that they are informed
of Scientology’s space opera creation myth.
At the most basic level, lost is lost. Whether someone is an
atheist, a non-religious theist, or a cult member, his biggest problem
is that he doesn’t know Jesus and his biggest need is the gospel. The
gospel, that Christ died for humanity’s sins and was raised on the third
day in accordance with the scriptures,[64]
is the same for every person no matter his background. Still special
care can be taken to approach non-Christians in accordance with their
backgrounds and personal situations. Cultists, like all nonbelievers,
are separated from God by their sin. However, they are additionally
insulated from and prejudiced toward biblical truth by the doctrinal
perversion and mind control perpetrated by their cult. This is a wall
that needs to be broken down. If a Christian attempts to break that
wall by showing the cultist that he has been, as it were, sold a bill of
goods, the Christian needs to ensure that the cultist knows that he
isn’t just trying to sell him Christianity as a replacement product.
The Christian needs to present himself as someone who is there to
help the cultist in the same way consumer advocates and government
agencies are there to help consumers who have been ripped off. In
today’s Christian culture, this can be a difficult thing to do. Perry
Noble, the former pastor the largest Southern Baptist Church in the
World[65]
was removed from his office in July of 2016 for the abuse of alcohol.
His ministry comeback endeavor is church growth consulting. In
advertising his services, Noble stated, “Some may argue the church is
not a business – I would disagree. After all, at one point in serving
as the Senior Pastor of NewSpring Church I was responsible for 425
employees and a $63,000,000 budget – which takes way more than a prayer
meeting to manage!”[66]
Christianity is not a transactional religion and Christ’s church is not
a storefront. Methodological success and millions of dollars in
revenue do not make a religious organization successful before the
Lord. Cultists who have spent their lives in works-based,
self-justifying religions must be able to see that Christian salvation
comes by God’s grace alone. Cultists who have been trying to work their
way to God need to be told, “It’s not by doing good deeds. You can’t
work your way in. You do not have the ability to produce the things that
only God can do in your life…. You can’t, and God never said you could.
But He can, and He always said He would.”[67]
The Christian life is not for sale; salvation is free a gift of God.
Success in the Christian life comes by the sanctification of the Holy
Spirit. No gimmicks and manipulations are needed.
The Christian should be wary when exposing the psychological tactics
cults use to cult members. His audience might not be a deceived,
ignorant, and innocent victim but a willing perpetrator of psychological
manipulation and business-like marketing. An iconic 1997 edition of
Time Magazine featured the phrase “Mormons Inc” superimposed over a
picture of the Salt Lake City Mormon Temple. An article inside of the
magazine revealed that the Latter Day Saints were some of the world’s
savviest businesspeople. Its writer reported, “…the Latter-day Saints
employ vast amounts of money in investments that TIME estimates to be at
least $6 billion strong. Even more unusual, most of this money is not
in bonds or stock in other peoples’ companies but is invested directly
in church-owned, for-profit concerns, the largest of which are in
agribusiness, media, insurance, travel and real estate. Deseret
Management Corp., the company through which the church holds almost all
its commercial assets, is one of the largest owners of farm and
ranchland in the country, including 49 for-profit parcels in addition to
the Deseret Ranch. Besides the Bonneville International chain and
Beneficial Life, the church owns a 52% holding in ZCMI, Utah’s largest
department-store chain. All told, TIME estimates that the Latter-day
Saints farmland and financial investments total some $11 billion, and
that the church’s nontithe income from its investments exceeds $600
million.”[68]
The Mormons are not novices when it comes to growing businesses or
religions. Neither or Scientologists; their religion counts among its
adherents some of the film industry’s most influential power brokers.
Their mindsets should be juxtaposed against that of Jesus. L. Ron
Hubbard, a writer of pulp fiction before he founded his religion, is
famously credited with saying, “You don’t get rich writing science
fiction. If you want to get rich, you start a religion.”[69] Jesus Christ, who died the death or a poor man and didn’t so much as have a place to lay his head[70] said, “I will build my church.”[71] He did just that, without marketing, manipulation, or mind control. The same cannot be said of the American cults.
*Please note that the preceding is my personal opinion. It is not
necessarily the opinion of any entity by which I am employed, any
church at which I am a member, any church which I attend, or the
educational institution at which I am enrolled. Any copyrighted material
displayed or referenced is done under the doctrine of fair use.
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Barker, Jason. “Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.” Watchman Fellowship. 2011. http://www.watchman.org/profiles/pdf/watchtowerprofile.pdf (accessed November 16, 2016).
Bisagno, John. Pastor’s Handbook. B&H Publishing Group, 2011.
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November 09, 2016.
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—. “An Interview with a Former Mormon.” Seth Dunn – A Christian Worldview. November 25, 2016. https://gsethdunn.wordpress.com/2016/11/25/an-interview-with-a-former-mormon/ (accessed November 28, 2016).
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Grim, Brian J and Melissa E. Grim. “The Socio-economic Contribution of Religion to American Society: An Empirical Analysis.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 2016.
Hayes, Jenny and Frances Dredge. Managing Customer Service. Gower Publishing Limited, 1998.
Hewitt, Joe B. Rescuing Slaves of the Watchtower. Garland, TX: Hannibal Books, 2011.
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Horn, Marianna L. “The downside of persistence: The effects of mood
on an escalation of commitment paradigm.” A thesis submitted to the
Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Master of Science, 2012.
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Intellectual Reserve, Inc. “Facts and Statistics.” Newsroom. September 01, 2016. http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics (accessed September 18, 2016).
—. “Preparing to Serve.” www.lds.org. March 18, 2016. https://www.lds.org/callings/missionary/faqs?lang=eng#4 (accessed November 28, 2016).
Intellectual Reserve, Inc. “Missionary Program.” Newsroom. 2016. https://www.lds.org/callings/missionary/faqs?lang=eng#4 (accessed November 28, 2016).
Investopedia. “Sunk Cost.” Investopedia. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sunkcost.asp?lgl=no-infinite (accessed November 27, 2016).
LifeWay Christian Resources. “SBC 500.” ThomRainer.com. 2016. http://thomrainer.com/sbc500/ (accessed November 28, 2016).
McKeever, Bill and Eric Johnson. Mormonism 101: Examining the Religion of the Latter-day Saints. Revised and Expanded ed. Baker Books, 2015.
Naylor, Carma. A Mormon’s Unexpected Journey: Finding the Grace I Never Knew. Vol. 1. Enumclaw, MA: Winpress Publishing, 2006.
Noble, Perry. “My Next Step.” PerryNoble.com. November 28, 2016. https://perrynoble.com/blog/my-next-step (accessed November 28, 2016).
Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief. Directed by Alex Gibney. Produced by HBO Documentary Films. Performed by Jason Beghe, Spanky Taylor Paul Haggis. 2015.
Pew Research Center. “Religious Landscape Study.” Pew Research Center. 2016. http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/ (accessed November 11, 2016).
Reed, David. Answering Jehovah’s Witnesses: Subject by Subject. Kindle Edition. Baker Books, 2011.
Shell, G. Richard. Bargaining for Advantage: Negotiation Strategies for Reasonable People. Penguin Books, 2006.
Stack, Peggy Fletcher. “Mormon guys delay marriage in paralyzing hunt for perfect wife.” USA Today. April 21, 2011. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2011-04-22-mormon_dating_21_ST_N.htm (accessed November 28, 2016).
Staw, Barry M and Jerry Ross. “Knowing When to Pull the Plug.” Harvard Business Review, 1987.
Trapped in the Closet. Directed by Trey Parker. Produced by Braniff. Performed by Matt Stone, John ‘Nancy’ Hansen Trey Parker. 2005.
Van Biema, David. “Kingdom Come – Salt Lake City Was Just for
Starters – The Mormons’ True Great Trek Has Been to Social Acceptance
And a $30 Billion Church Empire.” Time Magazine, August 4, 1997.
Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. “How Many of Jehovah’s Witnesses Are There Worldwide?” JW.ORG. 2016. https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/faq/how-many-jw-members/ (accessed November 2016, 2016).
—. “What Is a Pioneer?” JW.ORG. 2016. https://www.jw.org/en/publications/books/jehovahs-will/jw-pioneer/ (accessed November 28, 2016).
White, Thomas and John Yeats. Franchising McChurch: Feeding American’s Obsession with Easy Christianity. David C Cook, 2009.
Wikiquote contributors. “L. Ron Hubbard.” Wikiquote. March 16, 2016. https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=L._Ron_Hubbard&oldid=2100019 (accessed March 28, 2016).
[1] Evangelical Philosophical Society. “Interview with Paul Copan: Is Yahweh a Moral Monster?” Evangelical Philosophical Society. April 7, 2008. http://blog.epsociety.org/2008/04/interview-with-paul-copan-is-yahweh.asp (accessed November 13, 2016).
[2] Abramsky, Sasha. “Christopher Hitchens Interview.” The Progressive.
December 16, 1997.
http://www.progressive.org/christopher_hitchens_1997_progressive_interview.html
(accessed November 13, 2016).
[3] Hitchens, Christopher. “God Bless Me, It’s a Best-Seller!” Vanity Fair. September 2007. http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2007/09/hitchens200709 (accessed November 16, 2016).
[4] Pew Research Center. “Religious Landscape Study.” Pew Research Center. 2016. http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/ (accessed November 11, 2016).
[5] McKeever, Bill and Eric Johnson. Mormonism 101: Examining the Religion of the Latter-day Saints. Revised and Expanded ed. Baker Books, 2015. p 20.
[6] Barker, Jason. “Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.” Watchman Fellowship. 2011. http://www.watchman.org/profiles/pdf/watchtowerprofile.pdf (accessed November 16, 2016).
[7] Branch, Rich. “Church of Scientolgy .” Watchman Fellowship. 1994. http://www.watchman.org/profiles/pdf/scientologyprofile.pdf (accessed November 16, 2106).
[8] White, Thomas and John Yeats. Franchising McChurch: Feeding American’s Obsession with Easy Christianity. David C Cook, 2009. p 13
[9] ibid
[10] This text has been used in the course Church Leadership and Administration at the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary and is published by a Southern Baptist publishing company.
[11] On pages 318, 384, and 386 of Pastor’s Handbook,
Pastor John Bisagno encourages readers to adopt some of the business
practices of these secular hospitality companies in order to attract and
retain church attendees.
[12] Grim, Brian J and Melissa E. Grim. “The Socio-economic Contribution of Religion to American Society: An Empirical Analysis.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 2016. p 2
[13] ibid
[14]
Their size, scope, competence, and compliance with a Christian view of
justice are debatable. However, that debate is outside of the scope of
this paper.
[16] Federal Trade Commission . “The Antitrust Laws.” Federal Trade Commission. https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws (accessed November 19, 2016).
[17]
“Trust-busting” is a term that referred to President Theodore
Roosevelt’s policy of prosecuting monopolies, or “trusts,” that violated
federal antitrust law. See http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/trust-busting for further explanation.
[18]
It may seem strange to refer to religious organizations as
“monopolistic,” however, one of the marks of a cult is that, like a
monopoly, it corners the market on something desirable. In the case of a
cult, it purports to have the market cornered on truth. According to
the Christian Apologetics Research Ministry, one of the tendencies of a
cult is that it “often considers traditional religious systems to be
apostate and it alone possesses the complete truth.” For more
information see https://carm.org/cults-outline-analysis.
[19] 2 Timothy 3:16, 2 Peter 1:21
[21] Luke 20:47, Ezekiel 16:49, Amos 5:12, Titus 1:11, 1 Peter 5:2
[24]
Horn, Marianna L. “The downside of persistence: The effects of mood on
an escalation of commitment paradigm.” A thesis submitted to the
Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Master of Science, 2012.
[25] ibid
[26] Staw, Barry M and Jerry Ross. “Knowing When to Pull the Plug.” Harvard Business Review, 1987.
[27] ibid
[28] Investopedia. “Sunk Cost.” Investopedia. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sunkcost.asp?lgl=no-infinite (accessed November 27, 2016).
[29] Branch, Rich. “Church of Scientolgy .” Watchman Fellowship. 1994. http://www.watchman.org/profiles/pdf/scientologyprofile.pdf (accessed November 16, 2106).
[30] ibid
[31]
This information was a closely guarded secret for decades. In recent
years, media producers and former scientologists have begun to
disseminate this information on the internet, in books, in documentary
film, and even in an episode of South Park.
[32] It must be noted here that L. Ron Hubbard was a writer of science fiction stories before he founded Scientology.
[33] Branch, Craig. “Church of Scientology: A Religious Mafia?” Watchman Fellowship. http://www.watchman.org/articles/scientology/church-of-scientology-a-religious-mafia/ (accessed November 27, 2016).
[34]
Breaking critics through litigation is a key strategy in fair game
doctrine. Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard once remarked, “The
purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The
law can be used very easily to harass, and enough harassment on somebody
who is simply on the thin edge anyway, well knowing that he is not
authorized, will generally be sufficient to cause his professional
decease. If possible, of course, ruin him utterly.” For more
information see https://gsethdunn.wordpress.com/2014/02/01/fair-game-scientology-ergun-caner-lawsuits-and-the-georgia-baptist-convention/.
[35]
It is worth noting that the United States government (specifically the
IRS) did challenge the religious status of the Church of Scientology.
The church was the subject of a massive FBI investigation that included
raids on church property. A number of church operatives went to jail as
a result of these investigations. Eventually, through the use of
litigation, The Church of Scientology obtained recognition as a
“religion” by the IRS. For more information see Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief.
[36] Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. “What Is a Pioneer?” JW.ORG. 2016. https://www.jw.org/en/publications/books/jehovahs-will/jw-pioneer/ (accessed November 28, 2016).
[37]
“The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania is a nonprofit
corporation formed in 1884 under the laws of the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, U.S.A. It is under the structure of this corporation, as
well as a number of affiliated legal entities, that the religious group
known as “Jehovah’s Witnesses” carries out its worldwide work. For more
information see https://gsethdunn.wordpress.com/2016/11/09/a-doctrinal-overview-of-the-watch-tower/.
[38] http://www.watchthetower.net/. “Tools of the Trade.” http://www.watchthetower.net/.
http://www.watchthetower.net/tools1 (accessed November 28, 2016). The
proprietors of Watchthetower.net are Paul and Pat Blizzard. The
Blizzards are former high-level Jehovah’s Witnesses who are well-known
detractors of the Watch Tower. For more information on the Blizzards
see http://www.watchthetower.net/bio.html.
[39] Hewitt, Joe B. Rescuing Slaves of the Watchtower. Garland, TX: Hannibal Books, 2011. p 11
[40] Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. “What Is a Pioneer?” JW.ORG. 2016. https://www.jw.org/en/publications/books/jehovahs-will/jw-pioneer/ (accessed November 28, 2016).
[41] Reed, David. Answering Jehovah’s Witnesses: Subject by Subject. Kindle Edition. Baker Books, 2011. p 18
[42] McKeever, Bill and Eric Johnson. Mormonism 101: Examining the Religion of the Latter-day Saints. Revised and Expanded ed. Baker Books, 2015. p 303
[43] ibid p 12-13
[44] Intellectual Reserve, Inc. “Missionary Program.” Newsroom. 2016. https://www.lds.org/callings/missionary/faqs?lang=eng#4 (accessed November 28, 2016).
[45] Intellectual Reserve, Inc. “Preparing to Serve.” www.lds.org. March 18, 2016. https://www.lds.org/callings/missionary/faqs?lang=eng#4 (accessed November 28, 2016).
[46] McKeever, Bill and Eric Johnson. Mormonism 101: Examining the Religion of the Latter-day Saints. Revised and Expanded ed. Baker Books, 2015. p 244
[47] ibid p 143
[48] Naylor, Carma. A Mormon’s Unexpected Journey: Finding the Grace I Never Knew. Vol. 1. Enumclaw, MA: Winpress Publishing, 2006. p 214
[49]
The median age for a first marriage in the U.S. has climbed to 25.8 for
women and 27.4 for men. In heavily Mormon Utah, the median age for
first-time brides has jumped from 20 in 1970 to 22 in 2008, and from 22
to 24 for men. For more information see http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2011-04-22-mormon_dating_21_ST_N.htm.
[50] Intellectual Reserve, Inc. “Facts and Statistics.” Newsroom. September 01, 2016. http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics (accessed September 18, 2016).
[51] Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. “How Many of Jehovah’s Witnesses Are There Worldwide?” JW.ORG. 2016. https://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/faq/how-many-jw-members/ (accessed November 2016, 2016).
[52] Naylor, Carma. A Mormon’s Unexpected Journey: Finding the Grace I Never Knew. Vol. 1. Enumclaw, MA: Winpress Publishing, 2006. p 158
[53] Shell, G. Richard. Bargaining for Advantage: Negotiation Strategies for Reasonable People. Penguin Books, 2006. p 46
[54]
This contest scenario is not of my own invention. It was presented by
the professor to my Psychology 101 class at Georgia Southern University
in the year 2000. It’s been sixteen years since I took that course.
His Parkay butter example sticks with me but I do not recall the
professor’s name. He was a Buddhist who proscribed spanking children so
I didn’t put a lot of stock into some of the other things he said.
[55]
A Mormon testimony includes affirming the knowledge that one preexisted
with God on Kolob before being born on planet Earth. Mormons believe
that they preexisted as God’s spirit children on another planet before
coming to Earth as humans. Similarly, Scientologists believe that their
thetan souls preexisted as extraterrestrials before their human hosts
were born on Earth.
[56] Naylor, Carma. A Mormon’s Unexpected Journey: Finding the Grace I Never Knew. Vol. 1. Enumclaw, MA: Winpress Publishing, 2006. p 7
[57]
Mormon testimony almost typically includes the claim that the Mormon
received a “burning in the bosom” from the Holy Spirit that testified to
the truth of the Book of Mormon.
[58]
I use the term “countless” hyperbolically here since Jehovah’s
Witnesses literally keep count of their witnessing encounters and turn
in reports documenting their counts to their church’s leadership.
[59] Hayes, Jenny and Frances Dredge. Managing Customer Service. Gower Publishing Limited, 1998. p 4
[60] Fisher, Josie. Bait-And-Switch Practices. Vol. 1, in Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, edited by Robert W. Kolb. Sage Publications, 2008. p 139
[61] Hewitt, Joe B. Rescuing Slaves of the Watchtower. Garland, TX: Hannibal Books, 2011. p 43-44.
[62] McKeever, Bill and Eric Johnson. Mormonism 101: Examining the Religion of the Latter-day Saints. Revised and Expanded ed. Baker Books, 2015. p 31
[63] Dunn, Seth. “An Interview with a Former Mormon.” Seth Dunn – A Christian Worldview. November 25, 2016. https://gsethdunn.wordpress.com/2016/11/25/an-interview-with-a-former-mormon/ (accessed November 28, 2016).
[65] That church is NewSpring Community Church in Anderson, SC. For more information see http://thomrainer.com/sbc500/.
[66] Noble, Perry. “My Next Step.” PerryNoble.com. November 28, 2016. https://perrynoble.com/blog/my-next-step (accessed November 28, 2016)
[67] Barber, Wayne. “Ephesians 1:18-20 by Wayne Barber.” PreceptAustin.Org. August 01, 2016. http://www.preceptaustin.org/ephesians_118-20_by_wayne_barber (accessed November 28, 2016).
[68]
Van Biema, David. “Kingdom Come – Salt Lake City Was Just for Starters –
The Mormons’ True Great Trek Has Been to Social Acceptance And a $30
Billion Church Empire.” Time Magazine, August 4, 1997.
[69] Wikiquote contributors. “L. Ron Hubbard.” Wikiquote. March 16, 2016. https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=L._Ron_Hubbard&oldid=2100019 (accessed March 28, 2016).